They separated in 1988. The Book of Judith is a deuterocanonical book, included in the Septuagint and the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian Old Testament of the Bible, but excluded from the Hebrew canon and assigned by Protestants to their apocrypha.It tells of a Jewish widow, Judith, who uses her beauty and charm to destroy an Assyrian general and save Israel from oppression. Conclusion about Judith (16.1–25)[27], Most contemporary exegetes, such as Biblical scholar Gianfranco Ravasi, generally tend to ascribe Judith to one of several contemporaneous literary genres, reading it as an extended parable in the form of a historical fiction, or a propaganda literary work from the days of the Seleucid oppression. Nebuchadnezzar, claimed here to be the king of Nineveh and Assyria. The already well established notion of Judith as an exemplum of the courage of local people against tyrannical rule from afar was given new urgency by the Assyrian nationality of Holofernes, which made him an inevitable symbol of the threatening Turks. The territory of Judean occupation includes the territory of Samaria, something which was possible in Maccabean times only after John Hyrcanus reconquered those territories. The Assyrians, having lost their leader, disperse, and Israel is saved. Holofernes, his Turtan (commanding general), is ordered to take revenge on those who refused to ally themselves with him. The name Judith (Hebrew: .mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Frank Ruehl CLM","Taamey Frank CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}יְהוּדִית‎, Modern: Yehudit, Tiberian: Yəhûḏîṯ, "Praised" or "Jewess") is the feminine form of Judah. When her affair with mobster Sam Giancana, who in the 1960s allegedly shared girlfriend Judith Exner with President Kennedy, hit the news mags, it caused the breakup of the group. Campbell was portrayed by Megan Vincent in the 2011 TV series The Kennedys. [44], In 16th-century France, writers such as Guillaume Du Bartas, Gabrielle de Coignard and Anne de Marquets composed poems on Judith's triumph over Holofernes. English writer Arnold Bennett in 1919 tried his hand at dramaturgy with Judith, a faithful reproduction in three acts; it premiered in spring 1919 at Devonshire Park Theatre, Eastbourne. Vol passie, in de puurste vorm en zonder nonsens. In medieval Christian art, the predominance of church patronage assured that Judith's patristic valences as "Mulier Sancta" and Virgin Mary prototype would prevail: from the 8th-century frescoes in Santa Maria Antigua in Rome through innumerable later bible miniatures. My Judith is paralyzed by her deed, frozen by the thought that she might give birth to Holofernes' son; she knows that she has passed her boundaries, that she has, at the very least, done the right thing for the wrong reasons.[46]. She goes with her loyal maid to the camp of the enemy general, Holofernes, with whom she slowly ingratiates herself, promising him information on the Israelites. [8], Exner said that President Kennedy's Special Assistant David Powers helped set up encounters with President Kennedy. Her account was supported by phone records and other documentation, although Kennedy staff and supporters attacked her veracity when she published her memoir. The French composer Jean Guillou wrote his Judith-Symphonie for Mezzo and Orchestra in 1970, premiered in Paris in 1972 and published by Schott-Music. [18] In Jerome's Prologue to Judith[19][20] he claims that the Book of Judith was "found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures". Alessandro Scarlatti wrote an oratorio in 1693, La Giuditta, as did the Portuguese composer Francisco António de Almeida in 1726; Juditha triumphans was written in 1716 by Antonio Vivaldi; Mozart composed in 1771 La Betulia Liberata (KV 118), to a libretto by Pietro Metastasio. The story revolves around Judith, a daring and beautiful widow, who is upset with her Jewish countrymen for not trusting God to deliver them from their foreign conquerors. [5][12], Although early Christians, such as Clement of Rome, Tertullian, and Clement of Alexandria, read and used the Book of Judith,[citation needed] some of the oldest Christian canons, including the Bryennios List (1st/2nd century), that of Melito of Sardis (2nd century) and Origen (3rd century), do not include it. During that period, as in the Book of Judith, there was no king in Judah since the legitimate sovereign, Manasseh of Judah, was being held captive in Nineveh at this time. The surviving Greek manuscripts contain several historical anachronisms, which is why some scholars now consider the book non-historical: a parable, a theological novel, or perhaps the first historical novel.[2]. Achior, an Ammonite king at Nebuchadnezzar's court; he warns the king of Assyria of the power of the God of Israel but is mocked. The account of Judith's beheading Holofernes has been treated by several painters and sculptors, most notably Donatello and Caravaggio, as well as Sandro Botticelli, Andrea Mantegna, Giorgione, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Titian, Horace Vernet, Gustav Klimt, Artemisia Gentileschi, Jan Sanders van Hemessen, Trophime Bigot, Francisco Goya, Francesco Cairo and Hermann-Paul. Chapters 1–7 describe the rise of the threat to Israel, led by the evil king Nebuchadnezzar and his sycophantic general Holofernes, and is concluded as Holofernes' worldwide campaign has converged at the mountain pass where Judith's village, Bethulia, is located. mid-1670s). The two men, at that time, shared the same girlfriend, Judith Campbell Exner. In 2016, she appeared as a character in the third episode of the first season of the television series Timeless, played by Elena Satine. For about 18 months in 1960–61, "Exner claimed she served as the president's link with the Mob. Als sinds 23 februari 2005 dé Nederlandse nieuwswebsite voor gamers. The United States Episcopal Church calls for a reading of Judith 9:1, 11–14 at Mass on the Feast of St Mary Magdalen, July 22. [39], Under this theory, the story, although fictional, would be set in the time of Queen Salome Alexandra, the only Jewish regnant queen, who reigned over Judea from 76 to 67 BC. In putting her story on stage he tries to reintegrate Judith's story into Jewish history. This is the chronological order of events for each day of the entire series. "The opening of the poem is lost (scholars estimate that 100 lines were lost) but the remainder of the poem, as can be seen, the poet reshaped the biblical source and set the poem's narrative to an Anglo-Saxon audience. Thenceforth her presence in medieval European literature is robust: in homilies, biblical paraphrases, histories and poetry. For other uses, see, Identification of Nebuchadnezzar with Artaxerxes III Ochus, Identification of Nebuchadnezzar with Ashurbanipal, Identification of Nebuchadnezzar with Tigranes the Great. Both Protestants and Catholics draped themselves in the protective mantle of Judith and cast their "heretical" enemies as Holofernes. [5] The renewed interest took the form of "tales of the heroine, liturgical poems, commentaries on the Talmud, and passages in Jewish legal codes. Fiddle and Faddle (Priscilla Wear and Jill Cowen), White House secretaries. Operatic treatments exist by Russian composer Alexander Serov, Judith, and Judith by German composer Siegfried Matthus. She also said that Frank Sinatra later introduced her to Sam Giancana, with whom she also became intimate. [27], The first extant commentary on The Book of Judith is by Hrabanus Maurus (9th century). [27], A. [10][11] The textual reliability of the Book of Judith was also taken for granted, to the extent that Biblical commentator Nachmanides (Ramban) quoted several passages from a Peshitta (Syriac version) of Judith in support of his rendering of Deuteronomy 21:14. She said that Giancana never asked her for any information related to Kennedy. Described as "stunningly beautiful," she claimed to have had an 18-month relationship with then-Senator John F. Kennedy, beginning in 1960, which continued after he was elected President of the United States. Her gender made her a natural example of the biblical paradox of "strength in weakness"; she is thus paired with David and her beheading of Holofernes paralleled with that of Goliath – both deeds saved the Covenant People from a militarily superior enemy. [33] This view also gained currency with scholarship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Italian Renaissance poet Lucrezia Tornabuoni chose Judith as one of the five subjects of her poetry on biblical figures. [27] Chapters 8–16 then introduce Judith and depict her heroic actions to save her people. She crisscrossed the nation carrying envelopes between the president and Giancana, and arranged about 10 meetings between the two." 10 and 11. She was born Judith Eileen Katherine Immoor in New Jersey; her father, Frederick, was of German descent and an architect. By then, married to Dan Exner, Judith Exner called a press conference that month and denied any knowledge of Mafia involvement with Kennedy. The Book of Common Prayer, 1979, Holy Days, pg. Her mother, Katherine (née Shea), was of Irish descent. The Book of Judith can be split into two parts or "acts" of approximately equal length. [30], There are also thematic connections to the revenge of Simeon and Levi on Shechem after the rape of Dinah in Gen. The Catholic tract A Treatise of Schisme, written in 1578 at Douai by the English Roman Catholic scholar Gregory Martin, included a paragraph in which Martin expressed confidence that "the Catholic Hope would triumph, and pious Judith would slay Holofernes". "Die Judith der Bibel kann ich nicht brauchen. Contemporary sources make reference to the many allies of Chaldea (governed by Ashurbanipal's rebel brother Shamash-shum-ukin), including the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah, which were subjects of Assyria and are mentioned in the Book of Judith as victims of Ashurbanipal's Western campaign.[36]. Celebrity Notches: Angie Dickinson, Marilyn Monroe, Marlene Dietrich, Judith Campbell Exner, Blaze Starr, Gene Tierney. She later claimed these messages concerned plans to assassinate the Cuban president Fidel Castro. Exner received national media attention when she testified in 1975 before the Church Committee investigating CIA assassination attempts on Fidel Castro. Although Nebuchadnezzar and Ashurbanipal's campaigns show direct parallels, the main incident of Judith's intervention has never been recorded in official history. Arthur Honegger composed an oratorio, Judith, in 1925 to a libretto by René Morax. Judy Chicago included Judith with a place setting in The Dinner Party.[45]. Much of this work has focused on linking Nebuchadnezzar with various conquerors of Judea from different time periods and, more recently, linking Judith herself with historical female leaders, including Queen Salome Alexandra, Judea's only female monarch (76–67 BC) and its last ruler to die while Judea remained an independent kingdom. After becoming president John F. Kennedy appointed his … She said Kennedy had asked her to contact Giancana, and she helped set up a meeting between them during the 1960 presidential election. [3] After her mother nearly died in an auto accident, Judith withdrew from school at the age of 14 and was tutored at home. Der regionale Fahrzeugmarkt von inFranken.de. [3], Both liberal and conservative critics have attacked these later accounts. [27] Judith's village, Bethulia (literally "virginity") is unknown and otherwise unattested to in any ancient writing. "Judith" redirects here. "[27], Thus, the great villain is "Nebuchadnezzar, who ruled over the Assyrians" (1:1), yet the historical Nebuchadnezzar II was the king of Babylonia. plans to assassinate the Cuban president Fidel Castro, "Susan Morrow – The Private Life and Times of Susan Morrow. Frank Sinatra was the one who introduced JFK to his conquest Judith Campbell Exner, a California girl and ex of Sinatra’s who would go on to become the mistress of mob boss Sam Giancana. It is generally accepted that the Book of Judith is ahistorical. She was also known as Judith Campbell Exner, and Judith Campbell. She claimed to Smith to have terminated a pregnancy resulting from a last encounter in 1962 with Kennedy. [3], Judith Campbell Exner lived in Newport Beach and was a painter. She has been described as an "unreliable witness," with a history of instability, depression and paranoia and, by then, she was suffering from cancer. Barker later expanded the scene into a short play Judith. [citation needed] It served as the grounds for the death sentence passed on printer William Carter who had printed Martin's tract and who was executed in 1584. [27], The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha identifies a clear chiastic pattern in both "acts", in which the order of events is reversed at a central moment in the narrative (i.e., abcc'b'a'). [24], Judith is also referred to in chapter 28 of 1 Meqabyan, a book considered canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.[25]. [9], In a 1988 interview with Kitty Kelley of People magazine, Exner told a very different story about Giancana and Kennedy. Within the next three centuries Judith would be treated by such major figures as Heinrich Frauenlob, Dante, and Geoffrey Chaucer. "[42], At the same time she is the subject of a homily by the Anglo-Saxon abbot Ælfric. He is given the task of destroying the rebels who did not support the king of Nineveh in his resistance against Cheleud and the king of Media, until Israel also becomes a target of his military campaign. The American playwright Thomas Bailey Aldrich's Judith of Bethulia was first performed in New York, 1905, and was the basis for the 1914 production Judith of Bethulia by director D. W. Griffith. Moreover, Ashurbanipal is never referenced by name in the Bible, except perhaps for the corrupt form "Asenappar" in 2 Chronicles and Ezra 4:10 or the anonymous title "The King of Assyria" in the 2 Kings, which means his name might have never been recorded by Jewish historians. The Greek version uses deliberately cryptic and anachronistic references such as "Nebuchadnezzar", a "King of Assyria", who "reigns in Nineveh", for the same king. They depend mostly on Exner and are not supported by what is known of Kennedy and his staff. [3] She said that she had lied to the Church Committee and in her memoir out of fear of Mafia retaliation. The adoption of that name, though unhistorical, has been sometimes explained either as a copyist's addition, or an arbitrary name assigned to the ruler of Babylon. [7] Exner also said that Kennedy brought prostitutes to the White House swimming pool. According to Michael O'Brien of the Washington Monthly, on February 7, 1960, Frank Sinatra and Campbell were in Las Vegas, where Sinatra introduced her to John F. Kennedy, then a senator from Massachusetts and presidential candidate. However, such influential fathers of the Church, including Augustine, Ambrose, and Hilary of Poitiers, considered Judith sacred scripture, and Pope Innocent I declared it part of the canon. As the Daily Beast explains, Hoover spent his entire career ensuring he had enough material on everyone to keep himself safe. It was also accepted by the councils of Rome (382), Hippo (393), Carthage (397), Florence (1442) and eventually dogmatically defined as canonical by the Roman Catholic Church in 1546 in the Council of Trent. A witness of Hersh's who appeared to support Exner's story of carrying money to Giancana later dropped his story. She said that she had carried payoffs from California defense contractors to the Kennedys, including Robert F. Kennedy. In the 2004 episode "In Camelot" of the TV series The Sopranos, the character of Fran Felstein is based on Judith Exner. Les Livres Saints et La Critique Rationaliste, iv, 4th ed. [27], Owing to her unwavering religious devotion, she is able to step outside of her widow's role, and dress and act in a sexually provocative manner while clearly remaining true to her ideals in the reader's mind, and her seduction and beheading of the wicked Holofernes while playing this role has been rich fodder for artists of various genres. [3] William Safire in The New York Times also published it. A full hour in length, it was one of the earliest feature films made in the United States. Thus, the presumed Sadducee author of Judith would desire to honor the great (Pharisee) Queen who tried to keep both Sadducees and Pharisees united against the common menace. In both cases, her narrative gained relevance from the Viking invasions of the period. [5][9], In that respect, Medieval Jewry appears to have viewed Judith as the Hasmonean counterpart to Queen Esther, the heroine of the holiday of Purim. She also said that John Roselli was her friend. There, Judith is a widow who lures Holofernes into her web with wiles, when she has his head in her bag she sings and jubilates with all of Israel for three months. Elisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (EJG.30) and Sébastien de Brossard have composed a cantate Judith. Modern scholars argue in favor of a 2nd–1st century context for the Book of Judith, understanding it as a sort of roman à clef, i.e. These affairs included one with Danish journalist Inga Arvad between late 1941 and early 1942. The State of His Unions: It might be easier (and shorter) to discuss who JFK didn’t fuck, but historians aren’t really sure they can come up with a single name. In 1975, Campbell married again, to Dan Exner, a golfer. In contrast, the second half is devoted mainly to Judith's strength of character and the beheading scene. [32], The identity of Nebuchadnezzar was unknown to the Church Fathers, but some of them attempted an improbable identification with Artaxerxes III Ochus (425–338 BC), not on the basis of the character of the two rulers, but due to the presence of a "Holofernes" and a "Bagoas" in Ochus' army. [47] In 1981, the play "Judith among the Lepers" by the Israeli (Hebrew) playwright Moshe Shamir was performed in Israel. Croatian poet and humanist Marko Marulić also wrote an epic on Judith's story in 1501, the Judita. English playwright Howard Barker examined the Judith story and its aftermath, first in the scene "The Unforeseen Consequences of a Patriotic Act", as part of his collection of vignettes, The Possibilities. Both JFK and Giancana were friends of Ol' Blue Eyes (pictured). [40], Like Judith, the Queen had to face the menace of a foreign king who had a tendency to destroy the temples of other religions. "[29] Other scholars note that Judith fits within and even incorporates the genre of "salvation traditions" from the Old Testament, particularly the story of Deborah and Jael (Judges 4–5), who seduced and inebriated the Canaanite commander Sisera before hammering a tent-peg into his forehead. It is not clear whether the Book of Judith was originally written in Hebrew or in Greek. Mafia strongman Sam Giancana (birth name Momo Salvatore Guingano) had a girlfriend Judith Exner that J.F. It also includes the Webisodes that adds to this timeline. [citation needed], The character of Judith is larger than life, and she has won a place in Jewish and Christian lore, art, poetry and drama. She decapitates him, then takes his head back to her fearful countrymen. [35], As argued by Vigouroux, the two battles mentioned in the Septuagint version of the Book of Judith are a reference to the clash of the two empires in 658–657 and to Phraortes' death in battle in 653, after which Ashurbanipal continued his military actions with a large campaign starting with the Battle of the Ulaya River (652 BC) on the 18th year of this Assyrian king. [6] The Committee had sent Exner a subpoena to make her testify. Bagoas, a Persian name denoting an official of Holofernes. 30 (Open Book Publishers 2010). [3], Aside from her own alleged affair with JFK, Exner claimed to have knowledge of other women who had affairs with Kennedy. [3] Her older sister Jacqueline later became an actress and took the professional name Susan Morrow. Phyllis, who was the youngest of the sisters, was also the wild child of the trio, often mentioned in the gossip magazines. [citation needed]. [27] Other details, such as fictional place names, the immense size of armies and fortifications, and the dating of events, cannot be reconciled with the historical record. Material was added from accounts published after her 1977 memoir. [4] The oldest existing version is the Septuagint and might either be a translation from Hebrew or composed in Greek. [5][6], Reasons for its exclusion include the lateness of its composition, possible Greek origin, open support of the Hasmonean dynasty (to which the early rabbinate was opposed), and perhaps the brash and seductive character of Judith herself. The following is a timeline for the TV Series The Walking Dead and its companion series, Fear The Walking Dead and The Walking Dead: World Beyond. Aktuelle Gebrauchtwagenangebote in Bayreuth finden auf auto.inFranken.de. The two conceptual poles represented by these works will inform much of Judith's subsequent history. [3] A few months later in 1960, Sinatra introduced Campbell to "Sam Flood," who was actually Sam Giancana, the leading figure in the Chicago Mafia. [7], However, after disappearing from circulation among Jews for over a millennium, references to the Book of Judith, and the figure of Judith herself, resurfaced in the religious literature of crypto-Jews who escaped capitulation by the Caliphate of Córdoba. "[5], Although the text itself does not mention Hanukkah, it became customary for a Hebrew midrashic variant of the Judith story to be read on the Shabbat of Hanukkah as the story of Hanukkah takes place during the time of the Hasmonean dynasty. [citation needed], The subject is one of the most commonly shown in the Power of Women topos. Before becoming President, JFK openly socialised with the infamous Rat Pack. [13] Jerome, when he produced his Latin translation, counted it among the apocrypha,[14] (although he changed his mind and later quoted it as scripture, and said he merely expressed the views of the Jews), as did Athanasius,[15] Cyril of Jerusalem[16] and Epiphanius of Salamis.[17]. [8], That midrash, whose heroine is portrayed as gorging the enemy on cheese and wine before cutting off his head, may have formed the basis of the minor Jewish tradition to eat dairy products during Hanukkah. Part I, although at times tedious in its description of the military developments, develops important themes by alternating battles with reflections and rousing action with rest. [27], In the Christian West from the patristic period on, Judith was invoked in a wide variety of texts as a multi-faceted allegorical figure. [23] Among Anglicanism, Anglo-Catholics consider it to be either an apocryphal or deuterocanonical book. [citation needed], In Renaissance literature and visual arts, all of these trends were continued, often in updated forms, and developed. [4][5], The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible does not contain it, nor was it found among the Dead Sea Scrolls or referred to in any early Rabbinic literature.