indonesia tsunami 2018 environmental impact
[114] Yogyakarta is the only pre-colonial monarchy legally recognised in Indonesia, with the positions of governor and vice governor being prioritised for descendants of the Sultan of Yogyakarta and Paku Alam, respectively. (©2018 image courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey) ... 2018 Indonesia earthquakes and tsunami. [38][39][40][41], The Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation during World War II ended Dutch rule[42][43][44] and encouraged the previously suppressed independence movement. Protestantism is mostly a result of Calvinist and Lutheran missionary efforts during the Dutch colonial era. [230][233] Almost 11% of Indonesians are Christians, while the rest are Hindus, Buddhists, and others. [204], The 2020 census recorded Indonesia's population as 270.2 million, the fourth largest in the world, with a moderately high population growth rate of 1.3%. [138] However, the forests of the smaller and more densely populated Java have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Islam was introduced by Sunni traders of the Shafi'i fiqh and Sufi traders from the Indian subcontinent and southern Arabian peninsula as early as the 8th century CE. What is an air mass? The name Indonesia derives from Greek words of Indos (Ἰνδός) and nesos (νῆσος), meaning "Indian islands". [254] At the national and local level, Indonesia's political leadership and civil society groups have played a crucial role in interfaith relations, both positively and negatively. [224] The small minorities that can speak it or Dutch-based creole languages fluently are the aforementioned ethnic groups and descendants of Dutch colonisers. [85], Indonesia maintains 132 diplomatic missions abroad, including 95 embassies. [36][37][38] Only in the early 20th century did the Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries. Generally Indonesians have a low awareness of environmental sustainable practices. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. As of 2019[update], it is the world's 16th largest economy by nominal GDP and 7th in terms of GDP at PPP, estimated to be US$1.100 trillion and US$3.740 trillion respectively. [32] Other parts of the archipelago gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. [14], Fossilised remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", suggest the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago. The VOC was dissolved in 1800 following bankruptcy, and the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalised colony. At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya is Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra is the largest lake, with an area of 1,145 km2 (442 sq mi). [213] About 8 million Indonesians live overseas; most settled in Malaysia, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Singapore, the United States, and Australia. [310] The television market includes several national commercial networks and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI, which held a monopoly on TV broadcasting from 1962 to 1989. [209] It is expected to grow to around 295 million by 2030 and 321 million by 2050. There is at least one significant volcano eruption in Indonesia every year. [173], Indonesia's transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of an archipelago, and the distribution of its 250 million people highly concentrated on Java. [187] Historical examples of scientific and technological developments include the paddy cultivation technique terasering, which is common in Southeast Asia, and the pinisi boats by the Bugis and Makassar people. In common with most of the Muslim world, Indonesia does not have diplomatic relations with Israel and has actively supported Palestine. [163] Historically, it has been weighted heavily towards agriculture, reflecting both its stage of economic development and government policies in the 1950s and 1960s to promote agricultural self-sufficiency. [332] Sepak takraw and karapan sapi (bull racing) in Madura are some examples of Indonesia's traditional sports. [123] Indonesia has two seasons—a wet season and a dry season—with no extremes of summer or winter. An overwhelming majority of Indonesians consider religion to be essential,[256] and its role is present in almost all aspects of society, including politics, education, marriage, and public holidays. What factors affect climate? [102] The Armed Forces were formed during the Indonesian National Revolution when it undertook guerrilla warfare along with informal militia. The company also collaborated with EADS CASA of Spain to develop the CN-235 that has seen use by several countries. [73], Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. Darsa, Undang A. The site is … [193], Indonesia has a space programme and space agency, the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional, LAPAN). ", "Palm Oil and Land Acquisition in Indonesia: Implications for Local Communities and Indigenous People", "Evaluating Indonesia's Progress on its Climate Commitments", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710912A94267053.en, "Extinction crisis escalates: Red List shows apes, corals, vultures, dolphins all in danger", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19495A8925965.en, Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier, "Climate Change in Indonesia: Implications for Humans and Nature", "Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood", "Jakarta, the fastest-sinking city in the world", "Indonesia: Climate Risk and Adaptation Country Profile", "Policy Review: Is the Indonesian Government Debt still in a 'Safe Zone'? The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms. A submarine earthquake or volcanic eruption in the ocean can cause a tsunami water wave which can have devastating effects on the people and objects near the sea. [29][30] Between the eighth and tenth centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra's Borobudur and Mataram's Prambanan. Subscriber Update - Population Census 2020, Update COVID-19 in Indonesia: 1,298,608 confirmed infections, 35,014 deaths (23 February 2021), Jakarta Composite Index (6,272.81) +17.50 +0.28%, GDP Contraction Full-Year 2020 -2.07% (y/y), Central Bank BI 7-Day Reverse Repo February 2021 3.50%. Taufiq Tanasaldy, Regime Change and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia, Brill Academic. [263], Government expenditure on healthcare is about 3.3% of GDP in 2016. [151] These include unreduced emissions resulting in an average temperature rise of around 1 °C (2 °F) by mid-century,[152][153] raising the frequency of drought and food shortages (with an impact on precipitation and the patterns of wet and dry seasons, and thus Indonesia's agriculture system[153]) as well as numerous diseases and wildfires. [18], After 1900, Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and native nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. Besides taking human lives, a volcanic eruption can cause considerable damage to local economies by hurting small and medium enterprises that are involved in tourism, culinary, commercial accommodation, agriculture, plantation, and livestock. [93], Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950 and was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java. [121], The spread of the population is uneven throughout the archipelago, with a varying habitat and level of development, ranging from the megacity of Jakarta to uncontacted tribes in Papua. Winds are moderate and generally predictable, with monsoons usually blowing in from the south and east in June through October, and from the northwest in November through March. Liga 1 is the country's premier football club league. [143] These issues contribute to Indonesia's low ranking (number 116 out of 180 countries) in the 2020 Environmental Performance Index. [126] Between 1972 and 1991, there were 29 volcanic eruptions, mostly on Java. [201] Since 2011, Wonderful Indonesia has been the slogan of the country's international marketing campaign to promote tourism. In the 1970s, Indonesia became the first developing country to operate a satellite system called Palapa,[194] a series of communication satellites owned by Indosat Ooredoo. The archipelago's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade, including with Indian kingdoms and Chinese dynasties, from several centuries BCE. Independent filmmaking was a rebirth of the film industry since 1998, where films started addressing previously banned topics, such as religion, race, and love. Many scholars consider the 1950s and 1960s to be the Golden Age of Indonesian Literature. This is reflected by farmers' and companies' use of slash-and-burn practices (a strategy to clear land for plantations, usually for the expansion of crude palm oil or pulp and paper plantations), primarily on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. [236] Examples of Indonesian native belief systems include the Sundanese Sunda Wiwitan, Dayak's Kaharingan, and the Javanese Kejawèn. [235], The natives of the Indonesian archipelago originally practised indigenous animism and dynamism, beliefs that are common to Austronesian people. Clockwise from top: Major transport modes in Indonesia. Various indigenous tribes incorporate chants and songs accompanied by musical instruments in their rituals. In 2017, Indonesia was the world's 9th largest energy producer with 4,200 terawatt-hours (14.2 quadrillion British thermal units), and the 15th largest energy consumer, with 2,100 terawatt-hours (7.1 quadrillion British thermal units). The effects of the tsunami on the country during this period range from destruction and damage, death, injury, millions of dollars in financial loss, and long lasting psychological problems for the inhabitants of the region. In general, damage done to the infrastructure exceeds the loss of lives. [282] Painting is an established and developed art in Bali, where its people are famed for their artistry. Their painting tradition started as classical Kamasan or Wayang style visual narrative, derived from visual art discovered on candi bas reliefs in eastern Java. As a result, the official poverty rate fell from 60% to 15%. In 2018, Indonesia received 15.8 million visitors, a growth of 12.5% from last year, and received an average receipt of US$967. Below is a selected list with recent earthquakes that caused severe damage and at least 20 fatalities: Earthquakes form a constant threat in Indonesia due to the meeting of major tectonic plates and volcanic activity in the region. Indonesia has a well-preserved natural ecosystem with rain forests that stretch over about 57% of Indonesia's land (225 million acres). [121] The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea). Numerous attempts by the United States and the Soviet Union,[88][89] and the People's Republic of China to some degree,[90] culminated in the 1965 coup attempt and subsequent upheaval that led to a reorientation of foreign policy. 2018 Indonesia earthquake and tsunami location map shows affected area and the point of impact in Central Sulawesi. The country has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems. [79] The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch. Its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species. [172], Indonesia has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, coal, tin, copper, gold, and nickel, while agriculture produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices, and rubber. The economy of Indonesia is the world's 15th largest by nominal GDP and 7th by GDP at PPP. [281], Indonesian arts include both age-old art forms developed through centuries and a recently developed contemporary art. The almost uniformly warm waters that constitute 81% of Indonesia's area ensure that land temperatures remain relatively constant. [181] The country has substantial energy resources, including 22 billion barrels (3.5 billion cubic metres) of conventional oil and gas reserves (of which about 4 billion barrels are recoverable), 8 billion barrels of oil-equivalent of coal-based methane (CBM) resources, and 28 billion tonnes of recoverable coal. [325] Other popular dishes include rendang, one of the many Padang cuisines along with dendeng and gulai. There was no notice for … The growth ended with the 1997 Asian financial crisis that had a severe impact on the economy, including a 13.1% real GDP contraction in 1998 and a 78% inflation. Since then, territorial lines have formed the basis of all TNI branches' structure, aimed at maintaining domestic stability and deterring foreign threats. [212] Jakarta is the country's primate city and the second-most populous urban area in the world, with over 34 million residents. A conservative Islamic territory, Aceh has the right to create some aspects of an independent legal system implementing sharia. Also, the Dutch language never had a substantial number of speakers or official status despite the Dutch presence for almost 350 years. In Java, the village (desa) is divided into smaller units called dusun or dukuh (hamlets), which are the same as RW. ... which has turned into an environmental hazard as more land is needed for cultivation. Gerhard Bowering et al. The oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) prevails in highland areas adjacent to rainforest climates, with reasonably uniform precipitation year-round. [184] Indonesia has set out to achieve 23% use of renewable energy by 2025 and 31% by 2050. A massive supervolcano erupted at present-day Lake Toba around 70,000 BCE. CiteScore: 4.8 ℹ CiteScore: 2019: 4.8 CiteScore measures the average citations received per peer-reviewed document published in this title. Indonesia’s Anti-Corruption Behavior Index increased from 3.59 (2015) to 3.66 (2018). On several occasions during the past 20 years, Indonesia has made global headlines due to devastating natural disasters that resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of human and animal lives, plus having a destructive effect on the land area (including infrastructure, and thus resulting in economic costs). From 2007 to 2019, annual growth has accelerated to between 4% and 6% as a result of improvement in the banking sector and domestic consumption,[168] helping Indonesia weather the 2008–2009 Great Recession,[169] and regain in 2011 the investment grade rating it had lost in 1997. Even in a mega-city as Jakarta, floods occur regularly (basically every year) due to weak water management in combination with heavy monsoon rains. With its state-owned company, the Indonesian Aerospace (PT. The high number of Indonesian casualties involved in a big quake is partly inflicted by the bad state of some housing facilities and infrastructure. The first general election was held in 1955 to elect members of the DPR and the Constitutional Assembly (Konstituante). The forest fires in 2015 ran out of hand partly because of unusual dry weather. [163] This development continued throughout the 1980s and into the next decade despite the 1990 oil price shock, during which the GDP rose at an average rate of 7.1%. It is believed to have caused a global volcanic winter and cooling of the climate and subsequently led to a genetic bottleneck in human evolution, though this is still in debate. This period is often referred to as a "Golden Age" in Indonesian history. In social arena, numerous cases of racism and discrimination, especially against Chinese Indonesians and Papuans, have been well documented throughout Indonesia's history,[272][273] and such cases have sometimes led to violent conflicts, most notably the 1740 Batavia massacre, the May 1998 riots, and the Papua conflict, which has continued since 1962. Often Indonesians who live in villages or cities close to the coast, flee to the hills (located more inland) after an earthquake has taken place as they are afraid of becoming victim of a tsunami (although it is usually false alarm). [137] Forests cover approximately 70% of the country. The weak state of infrastructure and property in combination with the high population density imply that natural disasters in Indonesia may cause more casualties than they should because it will require smaller force to make a building collapse. [323] Rice is the leading staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. These commodities make up a large portion of the country's exports, with palm oil and coal briquettes as the leading export commodities. The impact of the tsunami was highly contingent upon landscape dynamics, and the subsequent rise in sea level would have been temporary. Indonesia's expenditure on science and technology is relatively low, at less than 0.1% of GDP (2017). Since 1999, Indonesia has had a multi-party system. [236] They worshipped and revered ancestral spirit and believed that supernatural spirits (hyang) might inhabit certain places such as large trees, stones, forests, mountains, or sacred sites. [218], The country's official language is Indonesian, a variant of Malay based on its prestige dialect, which had been the archipelago's lingua franca for centuries. Its first commercial Internet service provider, PT. (2002), and Laskar Pelangi (2008). [3] Of these, Javanese is the most widely spoken. However, the practice entails serious and far-reaching risks. [132] The latter produced the loudest sound in recorded history and caused 36,000 deaths due to the eruption itself and the resulting tsunamis, with significant additional effects around the world years after the event. [321] Notable literary figures of the modern era include Multatuli, Chairil Anwar, Mohammad Yamin, Merari Siregar, Marah Roesli, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, and Ayu Utami. The concept of "Indonesia" as a nation-state emerged in the early 20th century, culminating later in the proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945. It was promoted by nationalists in the 1920s and achieved official status under the name Bahasa Indonesia in 1945. Russia-Indonesia Defence Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century", "The Quiet Growth in Indonesia-Israel Relations", "Net oil importer Indonesia leaves producer club OPEC, again", "What happened when Indonesia 'withdrew' from the United Nations", "International Cooperation and Development", "Why does Indonesia seem to prefer foreign aid from China? [206] Java is the world's most populous island,[207] where 56% of the country's population lives. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami (also known as the Boxing Day Tsunami and, by the scientific community, the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake) occurred at 07:58:53 in local time on 26 December, with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia.It was an undersea megathrust earthquake that registered a magnitude of 9.1–9.3 M w, reaching a Mercalli intensity up to … "Kropak 406; Carita Parahyangan dan Fragmen Carita Parahyangan", Makalah disampaikan dalam Kegiatan Bedah Naskah Kuna yang diselenggarakan oleh Balai Pengelolaan Museum Negeri Sri Baduga. The initial impact of the tsunami is … They have had a significant impact on how other faiths are practised, evidenced by a large proportion of people—such as the Javanese abangan, Balinese Hindus, and Dayak Christians—practising a less orthodox, syncretic form of their religion. A World Bank publication (in October 2010) expressed its concern about the devastating effects an 8.5 magnitude earthquake can have if it would happen in a mega-city such as Jakarta. The temples of Borobudur and Prambanan are among the most famous examples of the practice. [127] Of the 400 volcanoes, around 130 are active. The country's largest dam, Jatiluhur, has several purposes, including the provision of hydroelectric power generation, water supply, flood control, irrigation and aquaculture. More cooling climate types do exist in mountainous regions that are 1,300 to 1,500 metres (4,300 to 4,900 feet) above sea level. But it can also be related to animist believe-systems (the volcano's warning signs - such as ash and thunder - are considered to be acts of their angry ancestors, and by praying to the local gods local communities believe they will be protected from any danger). [331] In motorsport, Rio Haryanto became the first Indonesian to compete in Formula One in 2016. [24][215][216], The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, constituting 40.2% of the population,[4] and are politically dominant. [140], British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described a dividing line (Wallace Line) between the distribution of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. [150], Several studies consider Indonesia to be at severe risk from the projected effects of climate change. Measuring the Environmental Impact of a Mega-Tsunami. [178] In 2015, the government announced a plan to build a high-speed rail, which would be a first in Southeast Asia.[179]. 2004. [141] It runs roughly north–south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. The country's capital, Jakarta, is the second-most populous urban area in the world. [301] Some theatre traditions also include music, dancing and silat martial art, such as Randai from Minangkabau people of West Sumatra. [104], Since independence, the country has struggled to maintain unity against local insurgencies and separatist movements. [322] Many regional cuisines exist, often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences such as Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents. They arrived in the archipelago around 2,000 BCE and confined the native Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions as they spread east. Chapter II, Article 3, 3rd Clause of the 1945 Constitution. [269][270] This is created by a situation in which nearly 80% of Indonesia's population is living in the western parts of the archipelago,[271] and yet growing at a slower pace than the rest of the country. [314], The oldest evidence of writing in the Indonesian archipelago is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Most Hindus are Balinese,[234] and most Buddhists are Chinese Indonesians. Indonesia Investments Report - January 2021 Edition: COVID-19 Crisis to Linger On? [306] The latter part of the Sukarno era saw the use of cinema for nationalistic, anti-Western purposes, and foreign films were subsequently banned, while the New Order utilised a censorship code that aimed to maintain social order. Indo Internet began operation in Jakarta in 1994. [16][17] However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia; they preferred Malay Archipelago (Dutch: Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and Insulinde. A tsunami swept across Indonesia's islands of Sumatra and Java the night of December 22, just before 9:30 p.m. local time. With more than 270 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. [283], There have been numerous discoveries of megalithic sculptures in Indonesia. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. However, scientists do not know when, or where, this next big earthquake will happen. In 2016, Warkop DKI Reborn: Jangkrik Boss Part 1 smashed box office records, becoming the most-watched Indonesian film with 6.8 million tickets sold. Indonesia is the country that contains the most active volcanoes of all countries in the world. What are the air masses that affect the UK? The influence of local leaders such as Prince Diponegoro in central Java, Imam Bonjol in central Sumatra, Pattimura in Maluku, and the bloody 30-year war in Aceh weakened the Dutch and tied up the colonial military forces.